http://repositorio.febab.org.br/files/original/18/1139/cbbd1977_doc75.pdf dce173556be2b559a204b22e7f28697e PDF Text Text DEVELOPMENTS IN INDEXING DEVELOPMENTSININDEXING K.G.B. BAKEWELL, MA, FLA, AMBIM Sênior Lecturer, Department of Library and Senior Information Studies, Liverpool Polytechnic, England INTRODUCTION I should like to deal with developments in indexing very briefly under five broad headings: author-title approach. 1. The author-titie 2. General classification schemes. 3. Special classification schemes. 4. The alphabetical subject approach. 5. Combinations of 3 and 4. THE AUTHOR-TITLE APPROACH author-title approach has been revolutionised since the Paris Conference of The author-titie 1961. We now have (almost) international agreement on the description of documents (with the International Standard Bibliographic Oescriptions Descriptions or ISBDs) and on choice and form of headings (with the Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules Ruies of 1967 (AACR) and other national codes based on AACR). There are; as I1 see it, two major failures in author/ title cataloguing: one is the fact that I had to use the plural form for ISBDs titie ISBOs — why cannot we have one description for all kinds of materials, materiais, whether books, periodicals or audio-visual materiais? materials? The second is our failure to drop the main entry principle, principie, which surely has no meaning in these days of MARC and other computer Computer systems. But the new edition of AACR wili will move the section on choice qf main entry from Part 1 to Part 2, after description. 252 Digitalizado gentilmente por: gentiimente �GENERAL CLASSIFICATION SCHEMES In the field of general classification, Dewey remains preeminent in spite of movements to Library of Congress in many libraries in the United States. The 19th edition wili will shortiy shortly be upon us and this wili will doubtiess doubtless show more trends towards modern faceted structure, including a new schedule for music based on the faceted classification classification' devised by Coates for the British Brítish Catalogue of Music. The Universal Decimal Classification appears to be losing ground, while the Library of Congress Classification is widely adopted in the United States. An interesting development in Britain is the revised edition of Bliss's BibUographic Bibliographic Classification prepared by Jack Mills, the first three volumes of which were published by Butterworths at the beginning of this year. I fear that, like the' the first edition, it may have come too late, though I know of two British libraries (the Tavistock Institute in London and Bishop Grosseteste College in Lincoln) which have aiready already started to reclassify by this scheme and one large government library (the Department of Health and Social Security) which plans to use it from 1978. In spite of my high regard for Dr. Ranganathan and Professor Neelameghan, I have no great hopes for the future of the Colon Classification outside India — though it is used in two quite differente British libraries (Christ's College, Cambridge and Metal Box Ltd.). SPECIAL CLASSIFICATION SCHEMES There is a mixed reaction to special classification schemes. On the one hand, for example, the Harvard Classification of Business Literature^ appears to be failing falling out of use, even the Harvard Business School (the library for which it was designed) having changed to Library of Congress. On the other hand the National Library of Medicine Classification^, a special scheme based on the traditional enumerative principles principies of Library of Congress, is gaining ground due partly partiy to the centralized cataloguing services Services provided by the National Library of Medicine. Is was found in 1976 that 59 British libraries were using this classification^, compared with only 11 according to a survey in 1974'*. The 1974 survey indicated that 404 libraries in the United States and Canada were using the classification. Several specialised classification schemes have been developed in Britain based on the faceted principies principles of Ranganathan. One of the earliest was the British Catalogue of Music Classification^ which, although devised specifically for a bibliography, is also aiso used in libraries for shelf arrangement and/or a classified catalogue. The Classification Research Group's Classification of Library and Information Science^ has been less successfui successful in libraries, having been rejected by both the British Library (Library Association) and the College of Librarianship Wales. The London Classification of Business Studies^ is known to be used in 40 British libraries and 22 libraries outside Britain.® It is being revised at Liverpool Polytechnic's Department of Library and Information Studies with financial support from the Social Science Research Council. 253 cm Digitalizado gentilmente por: gentílmente 12 13 14 �THE ALPHABETICAL SUBJECT APPROACH There is still stili considerable use of the Library of Congress Subject Headings (especially in the United States) and chain indexing (especially in Britain). A specialized list which is used widely both in pre-co-ordinate mode and (especially linked with MEDLARS and MED MEDLINE) LI NE) in post-co-ordinate mode is the National Library of Medicine's Medical Medica! Subject Headings (MeSH).^ KWOC (Keyword out of Context) indexes, based mainly on natural language but sometimes with terms added by the indexer, are now used in general libraries as well as the specialist libraries which first made heavw used of them Liverpool Polytechnic Library, for example, includes keywords form heaw titles in its alphabetical catalogue and experiments at Bath University Library have tities indicated that students prefer using the KWOC index to the more traditional classified catalogue and chain index.* index.' °" Glasgow University Library has recentiy recently produced a revised edition of its list of general reference works in KWOC index form. But perhaps the most interesting development in the field of pre-co-ordinate alphabetical indexing is PRECIS {PREserved (PREser^eá Context /ndex System), introduced by the British Nationai National Bibiiography Bibliography in 1971 and now used in a number of other bibliographies and catalogues including Australian Austraiian National Nationai Bibliography Bibiiography and British Education index. system''‘ and time does not permit a detailed There are several accounts of this system’ explanation of it here. I should, however, like to give two examples to illustrate its use in the British National Nationai Bibliography Bibiiography and the library of the Inner London Education Authority's Centre for Learning Resources: Exampie Example 1: (The British National Bibliography) Bibiiography) A book on the sociological perspectives of bilingualism in Canada receives the following subject index entries: CANADA Biblingualism. Sociological perspectives 301.21 BILINGUALISM. Canada Sociological perspectives 301.21 SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES. Bilingualism. Canada 301.21 254 Digitalizado gentilmente por: Ll 12 13 14 �Example 2: (Inner London Education Authority's Centre for Learning Resources) entitled "Skeleton and muscle" receives the following A filmstrip and pamphlet entitied subject index entries; ANIMALS Movement. Role of musculoskeletal system System 591.1852 MOVEMENT. Animais Animals Role of musculoskeletal System system 591.1852 MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. Role in movement. Animais Animals 591.1852 It wili will be seen from the above examples that user is given a full subject statement undei whatever term he chooses to enter the index. At present we are conducting a survey at Liverpool Polytechnic of reactions of indexers to the PRECIS system, with financial support from the British Library. There have been a number of experiments to assess the suitability of the system for languages other than English. Many libraries use the post-co-ordinate approach to alphabetical indexing, the terms representing a compound subject being combined by the searcher instead of the indexer. For example, the British National Bibliography entry above would be indexed on three feature cards under CANADA, BILINGUALISM and SOCIOLOGY and the cards would be matched when a document was sought on the sociology of bilingualism in Canada. In Britain such Systems systems are very popular in two quite different kinds of library — special (particularly industrial) libraries and school libraries. In the former — and indeed in all —They have the great advantage that they form the basis of on-line research librearies —"they retrieve! Systems systems like MEDLINE and ERIC (Educational Resources Information Center). retrievel Many thesauri have been developed for use in post-co-ordinate Systems systems like the ERIC Thesaurus,^ ^ the MeSH List‘d Thesaurus,^^ List^ (used also aiso in pre-co-ordinate systems) Systems) and the Thesaurus of Engineering and Scientific Terms (TEST).*^ COMBINATIONS OF CLASSIFICATION AND THE ALPHABETICAL SUJBECT Finally, a trend which began eight years ago and which I am sure wilI will develop — the production of classification classificationschemes-cum-thesauri schemes-cum-thesauri which can be used — and are being used — for shelf arrangement and for alphabetical indexing in pre-co-ordinate or post-co-ordinate mode. The pioneer was Jean Aitchison's Thesaurofacet,^ Thesaurofacet,^^^ developed from the English Electric Company's Faceted Classification for Engineering and published in 1969. This was followed in 1974 by the second edition of London Education Classification: a thesaurus/classification of British educational terms by Douglas and Joy Foskett,*^ now used for shelf arrangement (for example in the University of London 255 cm Digitalizado gentilmente por: 12 13 14 �Institute of Education Library), for classified catalogues, and for alphabetical subject headings in computer-produced indexes and bibliographies (for example Register of Educational Research in the United Kingdom 1973-1976^ Educationa! 1973-1976^^). ^). It is our intention that the revision of the London Classification of Business Studies wili revísion will follow this trend. REFERENCES 1. Baker Library, Harvard University Graduate School of Business Administration. A classification of business literature. literatura. 2nd ed. Hamden (Connecticut): Shoe String Press, 1960. 2. National Library of Medicine. National Library of Medicine classification: a scheme for the arrangement ofbooks of books in the field of medicine and its related sciences. Sciences. 3rd ed. Bethesda (Maryland), 1969. 3. Jenkins, S.R. British medical medicai libraries today. Library Association Medical Medica! Section Bulletin, (107), 1976, 5-6. BuUetin, 4. Sheerer, George and Hines, Lois E. Classification systems Systems used in medical medicai libraries. Bulletin of the Medica! BuUetin Medical Library Association, 62(3) July 1974, 273-280. 5. Coates, E.J. The British Catalogue of Music classification. London; London: Council of the British National Bibliography, 1960. 6. Classification Research Group. A classification of library and information Information science, by Ruth Daniel and J. Mills with the assistence of R. Selwood and Pirkka Ellíott. Elliott. London: Library Association, 1975. 7. Vernon, K.D.C. and Lang, Valerie. The London classification of business studies. London: London Graduate School of Business Studies, 1969. 8. Bakewell, K.G.B. and Cotton, D.A., comps. The London classification of business studies: an introduction and directory of users. 2nd ed. Liverpool: Liverpool Polytechnic, Departament of Library and Information Studies, 1977. (Occasional paper 7, revised). 9. Medical Medica! subject headings. Bethesda (Maryland): National Library of Medicine, annual. 2 vols. 10. Needham, Angela. Performance of four orders of catalogue: user times and success rates for name, title, titie, KWOC and classified catalogues and Classified or KWOC indicative comparison of the success and usability of a KWOC catalogues: an indicativa catalogue with UDC catalogues at four university libraries. Bath: Bath University Library, 1975. (Bath University comparative catalogue study: final report, paper n.°* 5 and 6, bound together). 256 Digitalizado gentilmente por: 4?^ LI 12 13 14 �11. Notably PfíECIS: PRECIS: a manual of concept analysis and subject indexings, by Derek Austin, London: London; Councíl Council of the British National Bibliography, 1974. Other contributions include Austin, Derek. The development of PRECIS: a theoretical and technical history. Journal of Documentation, 30(1) March 1974, 47-102; Bakewell, K.G.B. The PRECIS indexing System. system. The Indexer, 9(4) October 1975, 160-166. 12. Educational Resources Information Center. Thesaurus of ERIC descriptors. 6th ed. New York: Macmillan Information, 1975. 13. Thesaurus of engineering and scientific terms. New York: Engineers' Joint Council, 1967. 14. Aitchison, Jean and associates. Thesaurofacet: a thesaurus and faceted dassification classification for engineering and related topics. Whetstone (Leicestershire, England): English Electric Company, 1969. 15. Foskett, D.J. and Foskett, Joy. The London education dassification: classification: a thesaurus/classification of British educational terms. thesaurus/dassification terms 2nd ed. London; London: University of London Institute of Education Library, 1974. (Education Librarias Libraries Bulletin, supplement 6). suppiement 16. Registar Register of educational research in the United Kingdom, 1973-1976. Windsor (Berkshire, England); England): National Foundation for Educational Research in England and Wales, 1976. 257 cm Digitalizado gentilmente por: 11 12 13 14 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource CBBD - Edição: 09 - Ano: 1977 (Porto Alegre/RS) Subject The topic of the resource Biblioteconomia Documentação Ciência da Informação Description An account of the resource Inclui também os anais da V Jornada Sul-Rio-Grandense de Biblioteconomia e Documentação Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available FEBAB Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1977 Language A language of the resource Português Type The nature or genre of the resource Evento Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Porto Alegre/RS Event A non-persistent, time-based occurrence. Metadata for an event provides descriptive information that is the basis for discovery of the purpose, location, duration, and responsible agents associated with an event. Examples include an exhibition, webcast, conference, workshop, open day, performance, battle, trial, wedding, tea party, conflagration. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Developments in indexing Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Bakewell, K. G. B. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Porto Alegre (Rio Grande do Sul) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available FEBAB Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1977 Type The nature or genre of the resource Evento Subject The topic of the resource Indexação (biblioteconomia) Description An account of the resource The author-title approach has been revolutionised since the Paris Conference of 1961. We now have (almost) international agreement on the description of documents (with the International Standard Bibliographic Descriptions or ISBDs) and on choice and form of headings (with the Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules of 1967 (AACR) and other national codes based on AACR). There are; as 1 see it, two major failures in author/title cataloguing: one is the fact that I had to use the plural form for ISBDs — why cannot we have one description for all kinds of materials, whether books, periodicals or audio-visual materials? The second is our failure to drop the main entry principle, which surely has no meaning in these days of MARC and other computer systems. But the new edition of AACR will move the section on choice qf main entry from Part 1 to Part 2, after description. Language A language of the resource pt